艾滋病毒筛查和诊断

定义

一般来说，测试针对的是 人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) is a 2-step process that involves a screening test and follow-up tests often called confirmatory tests.

选择的名字

艾滋病毒检测; HIV screening; HIV screening test; HIV confirmatory test

如何执行测试

艾滋病毒检测可通过以下途径进行:

• 从静脉中抽血
• 手指刺血样本
• 口腔液体拭子
• 尿样

筛选试验

These are tests that check if you've been infected with HIV. The most common tests are described below.

An antibody test (also called immunoassay) checks for 抗体 艾滋病毒. Your health care provider may order the test for you to have done at a lab. Or, you may have it done at a testing center or used a home kit. These tests can detect 抗体 艾滋病毒 starting a few weeks after you're infected with the virus. 抗体测试可以使用:

• Blood -- This test is done by drawing blood from a vein, or by a finger prick. A blood test is the most accurate because blood has a higher level of 抗体 than other body fluids.
• Oral fluid -- This test checks for 抗体 in the cells of the mouth. It is done by swabbing the gums and inside cheeks. This test is less accurate than the blood test.
• Urine -- This test checks for 抗体 in the urine. This test is also less accurate than the blood test.

An antigen test checks your blood for an HIV antigen, called p24. 当你第一次感染艾滋病毒时, and before your body has a chance to make 抗体 to the virus, 你血液中的p24含量很高. The p24 antigen test is accurate 11 days to 1 month after getting infected. This test is usually not used by itself to screen for HIV infection.

An antibody-antigen blood test checks for levels of both HIV 抗体 and the p24 antigen. This test can detect the virus as early as 11 days after getting infected.

后续的测试

A follow-up test is usually done when the screening test is positive. 几种测试可用于:

• 检测病毒本身
• Detect 抗体 more accurately than screening tests
• Tell the difference between the 2 types of virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2

如何准备考试

不需要准备.

考试的感觉如何

When taking a blood sample, some people feel moderate pain. 其他人只感到刺痛或刺痛. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. 这很快就会消失.

There is no discomfort with an oral swab test or the urine test.

为什么要进行测试

Testing for HIV infection is done for many reasons, including for:

• 性活跃的个体
• 想要接受检测的人
• People in high-risk groups (men who have sex with men, injection drug users and their sexual partners, 以及商业性工作者)
• People with certain conditions and infections (such as 卡波西肉瘤 or 乙基肺囊虫肺炎)
• Pregnant women, to help prevent them from passing the virus to the baby
• People ages 15 to 65 who are having a general check up

正常的结果

测试结果为阴性是正常的. People with early HIV infection may rarely have a negative test result.

异常结果意味着什么

A positive result on a screening test does not confirm that the person has HIV infection. More tests are needed to confirm HIV infection.

A negative test result does not rule out HIV infection. 有一段时间, 称为窗口期, between HIV infection and the appearance of anti-HIV 抗体. During this period, 抗体 and antigens may not be measurable.

If a person might have acute or primary HIV infection and is in the window period, a negative screening test doesn't rule out HIV infection. 需要对艾滋病毒进行后续检测.

风险

通过血液测试, veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

• 大出血
• 昏厥或感到头晕
• 多次穿刺定位静脉
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

There are no risks with the oral swab and urine tests.

参考文献

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. 艾滋病毒检测. www.疾病预防控制中心.gov /艾滋病毒/指导/测试.html. 2024年6月11日更新. 获得于2024年6月19日.

Simonetti F, Dewar R, Maldarelli F. Diagnosis of 人类免疫缺陷病毒 infection. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 120.

US Preventive Services Task Force; Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. 《十大赌博靠谱网络平台》. 2019;321(23):2326-2336. PMID: 31184701 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.国家卫生研究院.gov / 31184701/.